It is very sad, what has been happening in Tibet. Like in Burma, it takes quite a lot to abuse monks. I’m not sure whether the Party leadership really thinks anyone outside China will believe that those Tibetans are just making trouble for no good reason. There wouldn’t even be any 汉族 / Hàn people in Tibet if the Party hadn’t made it so profitable for Chinese to move there. The Hànification of Tibet is very similar to the Russianification of Estonia. It is being done to dilute one ethnic group with another, to get pesky demands of independence to cease, to make it seem futile to lay claim to your country. Perhaps China also has to learn the lesson that in a even moderately globalized world, outsiders tend to poke around in what you might have thought of as your internal affairs earlier. No one particularly said anything about colonization when it started or about the subjugation of minorities in China before China opened up, mostly because there was nowhere to say it so that it was widely heard. However, colonialization pointed out the need to say something, not just about European takeover escapades, and now the Dalai Lama has a social space to make his message heard. What brought you the WTO now brings you nosy foreign journalists. C’est la vie.

Anthony Giddens touches on this in his book Runaway World. In the chapter on the family, he says

The family is a site for the struggle between tradition and modernity, but also a metaphor for them. There is perhaps more nostalgia surrounding the lost haven of the family than for any institution with its roots in the past. Politicians and activists routinely diagnose the breakdown of family life and call for a return to the traditional family.

(Giddens, 2003, p.53)

Giddens also observes that the inequality of men and women is intrinsic to the traditional families, and that equality of the sexes and especially sexual freedom of women is anathema to fundamentalist groups. Giddens also notes that fundamentalism is a new phenomenon, arising as a fearful response to modernity and globalization. Giddens defines fundamentalism as “(…) beleaguered tradition. It is tradition defended in the traditional way – by deference to ritual truth – in a globalizing world asking for reasons.” (Giddens, 2003, p. 59)

I think Lau et al’s findings tie in nicely with the idea of people rejecting reason because of anxiety over change, in this case globalization exemplified by foreigners having negative opinions of your country. You would have to be incredibly irrational and unjust to consicously believe that men are better than women and that old gender roles are good, but both men and women can temporarily use such irrationality when they feel like they’re losing their identity to globalization. I think you can see the same phenomenon in many debates around the world about women, the family and identity.

References
Giddens, Anthony. Runaway World. Routledge, New York, NY, 2003.

Glick, P., & Fiske, S.T. (2001). An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. American Psychologist, 56, 109–118.

Lau, G.P., Kay, A.C., & Spencer, S. J. (2008) Loving Those Who Justify Inequality: The Effects of System Threat on Attraction to Women Who Embody Benevolent Sexist Ideals. Psychological Science, 19, 20-21.

“To judge the root problem here, let us first determine how the cartoons became an international incident. Last September, these comics ran beside a story about the hurdles encountered by a Danish author in finding someone – anyone – to illustrate her children’s book about the Prophet. Every artist she approached declined the job out of fear of having to contend with Islamist extremists. [...] We Muslims love to lecture about the need to assess touchy matters – such as offensive Quranic verses – ‘in context’. The context in which the Muhammad cartoons first appeared suggests that frustration, not malice, was the motive.”

Looks like the illustrators asked to help with the book were right. These riots certainly send the message that one ought to be afraid of the extremists. But just as with 9/11 and the London bombings, we cannot let extremists control our everyday lives with fear. That is giving them power. We – all of us, muslims and non-muslims – cannot let them control what we do.

Neither does Denmark as a whole, which isn’t even involved other than indirectly, speak for the entire West. No one has the capacity to speak for millions and millions of people of different cultures, different histories and different languages as a unified voice. As a Western TCK, I am actuely aware of this. There are huge cultural variations within the West, and a commitment to that pluralism is especially prevalent in the European Union, which could not exist without such pluralistic acceptance. Even within every western country, there are regional sociocultural differences of all kinds. A reality of globalization is, as Friedman puts it, that “No one is in charge.” Everyone reading this has probably noticed that America and Europe disagree on a lot of policy issues, as well as have different basic value systems in many ways. (Not to mention Americans eat more crap.) There is no monolithic West any more than there is a monolithic set of muslims. The political leaders of Western nation-states do not even really speak for their entire populations, let alone one person speaking for all of the diverse Western countries!

It pisses me right off when people see the West as the US, the UK, Germany, Australia and France – there are many other Western countries that are distinct from the bigger ones! My ancestors were not in any way, shape or form involved with colonialism other then as initial explorers who got pushed aside by the bigger countries. My ancestors did not have anything to do with slave trade, holding slaves, building empires, smallpox, or any of the other atrocities committed by Western nations. They haven’t got the bomb now either, they don’t fund secret prisons or give guns to rebels they support nor engineer elections abroad. They have no military bases anywhere outside their territories and few within them. I’m not saying they were so noble that they didn’t want to. They probably did. But their histories took other paths, because their countries were small and relatively powerless. Just as in the world wars. Finland fought a war of independence, because they did not have resources to do anything else. Sweden sold ore to the nazis because they knew they didn’t stand a chance in a fight. Estonia got taken by the Russians because they did not have enough resources to fight them off, and no one assisted them. Poland has been split and occupied many times by neighboring countries. The perspectives of small countries are NOT the same as those of big countries! So how can little Denmark, which few of the people who are pissed probably can find on a map, suddenly be a spokescountry for the West? Small European countries get ignored and confused with each other by non-Euros all the time. I have yet to meet a Chinese who knew off the bat where Finland is. Sweden and Switzerland get confused all the time in both the US and China. I bet you about 1% of both Americans and Chinese know Lichtenstein even exists. But we all have our own national histories, languages, and traditions, which we take great care to distinguish from our neighbors. Part of the reason non-Anglo European countries reacted so strongly to America’s stance on Iraq is exactly that – to make it known to both the Americans and everyone else that the US prez and the UK PM do not speak for Europe as a whole as well. We have our own voices, expressed in our own media, and we will use our plural voices to whatever end we think is right. If that doesn’t please the US or anyone else, then too bad. We have our own national heroes, our own popular culture, our own fashion and music… our media reflect our debates, in our languages, for the benefit of no one but ourseves and our own democratic process. Small Western countries are not some sort of tack-on onto the larger ones. We do not just follow, we create our own destinies and determine our own actions.

Any Huntington-style reading of what’s going on is supplying all kinds of assumptions that are not there. How can there be a fight between two entities that do not exist?

“Earlier this week, imam Abu Bashir appeared on BBC World showing a caricature of Mohammed with a pig’s snout and ears to representatives of the Arabic League. Bashir falsely claimed that the caricature was one of the 12 Jyllands-Posten drawings.”

“Since then a number of offensive drawings have circulated in The Middle East which have never been published in Morgenavisen Jyllands-Posten and which we would never have published, had they been offered to us. We would have refused to publish them on the grounds that they violated our ethical code.”

Die Welt has the cartoons, and of course, discussion. I found a very well-written commentary that makes the basic point: “Es gibt kein Recht auf Satireverschonung im Westen.” [There is no right to be spared from satire in the West.] Asking for anything else is asking for special treatment. Period.

“In der westlichen Welt regt sich nach anfänglichem Verständnis Widerstand: Die Zeiten der Inquisition will man nicht in islamischer Form wiederkehren sehen.” [In the West there is aaccording to initial understanding agreement: we do not want to see the Inquisition return in an islamic form.]

After seeing the cartoons, I see absolutely no reason for getting so upset. It may be my deficient sense of what will offend religious people, but I really fail to see what there is to even demonstrate peacefully about, let alone burning flags and embassies. I am confused and unsettled.

Addition: After thinking about it some more, I think because of Europe’s religious past and the atrocities committed, we feel it is very important to be able to criticise religion openly and even harshly if necessary. (And therefore, we are angry that others reacted to violently – it was just a couple of semi-satirical drawings, not even serious – and we reserve the right to be harsh if we need to) Blindly following a leader – any leader – is dangerous. My mother has told me that when I didn’t clean my room as our agreement was when I was a kid, she would sigh and think, “At least she doesn’t blindly do whatever someone asks of her.” We have specific, detailed, historical reasons to be suspicious of religious leaders’ motives. After readon those commentaries and Smittenbyu’s comment, I think we are seeing contemporary reasons to be suspicious of religious leaders as well.

Addition II: Found a blog written by an Arab-American who gets to the point quickly.

Addition III: Chirac is an idiot. I’m starting to agree with dad. “French President Jacques Chirac, however, focused on the European media, condemning decisions to republish the cartoons as an “overt provocation”.” Also, this is the first time Condi’s talk appeals to me. That alone makes me worried I’m making a big mistake somewhere. Must read more about what exactly she’s saying…. but it’s possible she’s making good sense for once.

“Embassies burn in cartoon protest

Syrians have set fire to the Norwegian and Danish embassies in Damascus to protest at the publication of newspaper cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad. ”

Say.. WHAT? I just finished writing a comment in shirou’s LJ about the cartoons about whether or not Islam is more violent than other religions… and this really, really isn’t the way to convince people that Islam is a religion they can deal with having next door. 1. No torching of embassies, for any reason, will make you look good. Especially, it will not make you look peaceful. 2. Torching of an embassy which isn’t involved in the row REALLY doesn’t make you look reasonable in any way, shape or form. Hey, look – if you can’t keep straight which country you’re pissed at, why are you expecting us to give your religious icons special treatment? Who knows if we can even be held responsible for telling them apart? Muhammad, Jesus, Moses, old guys in beards – who the hell knows who’s who? Same shit, right? Especially in countries that are so secular.

Which brings me to the point I was thinking of yesterday. I think a root of the cultural miscommunication here is both sides not being able to imagine what living in a country that’s very secular/religious is like. My experiences with the US have shown me that many Americans who are themselves secular have learnt, often by fear, to not offend Christian ideas. They have an uncanny intuition for what’s going to piss them off, an intuition which I lack – because while I was here, my parents provided a buffer and in Europe, things are secular. Secular in a way I don’t think Americans can really imagine, perhaps unless they’ve been expats for 10-20 years. (Or TCKs, of course, but then they’re not American per se either.) If a European prime minister said anything involving “God, “bless”, and the name of their country there would be a media frenzy and probably instant loss of re-election. Just for starters. I think in a similar but more extreme way, also supported by some other interpersonal intercultural encounters. I don’t think that people who grow up in a socially controlling environment, especially where the control is done under the guise of religion, can imagine what living in an environment where that control is lacking, in this case being freedom of press.

However, that does not mean that both sides are equally confused. Au contraire. A large part of the democratic nation-states are (at least limited) universal human rights and freedom of speech, movement, press, etc. This is especially true in Europe. This has the consequence that we have countries in which all kinds of things get criticized all the time, including by children, by women, by ethnic minorities, by all kinds of people. No one is supposed to have a duty to shut up. Every day, major Western newspapers run political satire drawings. Every day, the leaders of the free world get made fun of by their citizens and each other. In the States, people are more reluctant to make fun of religious figures because it is a very religious country, as mentioned before. However, that is not the case in Europe, where the cartoons were published. One of the comments, by Dr Yunes Teinaz, was “We respect the heroes of other religions and we would expect the same from the followers of other religions and ideologies. No Muslim, for example, is allowed to portray a picture of Jesus.” Let me be very clear: Europe cannot be criticizing some religion as compared to its own, because Europe is secular, not religious. I don’t believe in either Jesus or Muhammad. Make fun of either, I don’t care. Teinaz – and probably many others – are assuming that everyone is religious, which is blatantly untrue in the case of Europe. Just like I’ve said before: Muslims have a much better case to argue deliberate and unjust exclusion in the US, where Christianity enjoys such a prevalent, accepted and privileged status, than in Europe, where most people are thoroughly secular.

Sometimes the litte, everyday details make things more clear than the grand scheme. I remember standing around with a group of girls in 4th grade on the schoolyard, gossiping. (The kind of thing I eventually always got excluded from, but anyway.) One of the girls said, “Did you know that (name of boy) believes in God??” with that tone that little Swedish girls use when they are socially outcasting someone. (I know that tone very well.) We laughed at how silly he was to believe in something of which there is no proof. Later, in high school, I always knew who in my circle of acquaintances was Christian. It’s odd, so you remember. They… go to church. They… pray. Like in the middle ages or something. Even so, they never mentioned it in conversations. If they hadn’t admitted to it, (admitted is the word that first comes to mind) I’d never have known. My parents are Christian. I know, because my mother told me once when I was about 14. My parents thought that it was important that I make up my own mind. They asked me to get confirmed so that I would at least know what Christianity was before I rejected it. You will never know that my parents are religious from meeting them. They never say anything to betray it, because to them it is private, to be kept to themselves. I think a large part of it is that they know that if they talk about it, they alienate others – meaning they create conflict, dissonance, problems. They don’t feel a need to talk about it, so why cause the problems?

We had religion instruction in school. In the beginning, it was Christianity specifically. The thought behind it was that because Christianity had historically been part of Europe, it was useful to know some of the key concepts and myths of Christianity. That was exactly what it was. In 4th grade, we started building little paper huts in the archetechtural style used in then Palestine around the time of Jesus’ birth. We were told that Israel used to be called Palestine, which was news to pretty much all of us. I remember thinking, “why would you want to switch names for the same country?” We were told about the Roman empire a little bit. But we spent a lot of time making the huts. It was fun, because I liked arts and crafts. Later in high school, everyone had to take religion class to graduate. Religion class now being knowing the basic tenents of all major world religions. There was no religious religion class offered, ever, and no one ever mentioned the idea. It did not occur to me that religion might be taught as a religion in schools until I came back to the US. Looking back, anyone in the PTA who had brought something like that up would probably looked like a religious fanatic, trying to brainwash children. That’s not wise in Sweden – you will be permanently outcasted for being antisocial for that sort of thing. People will talk, news of your fanaticism will spread.

Hell, you look a bit fanatic for going to church (As in, christian church) regularly, which no one except old ladies who want company does. No one’s going to trust someone who’s so obsessed with religion to be able to set it aside and be secular when they need to. And this is Europe’s historical religion. Muslims may get some more flexibility out of concern that people are not accepting enough of multicultural differences, they may get less because they are Other – I don’t know how it all works out, but I do know that religion is not close to Europe’s heart. It’s not part of people’s lives, their concerns, their social undertakings, their thoughts… I know more about Christianity than most of my Euro friends. Laughing at a religious figure or leader is just like laughing at a secular figure or leader. After all – if there is no God, then all power religious figures and leaders hold is just as secular as that which politicians hold. People being religious and supporting one person (male, of course) or other is just like being an ardent political supporter of someone. Your choice, whatever, blah. Won’t stop anyone from laughing at satire of that person. The cartoons was drawn and published in Denmark, for amusement of the Danish – and the cultural context in which that happened is not intended to offend muslims. Period.

And then conversely, I’m still not used to the very prominent political role that religion plays in the US. I guess fundamentally, I still hold it for so self-evident that for a non-uniform society to work, it must be secular that I expect religious people to adjust their behavior accordingly. They don’t, a significant part of the time. I know I’m not capable of imagining living in an even more religious context, and especially not an extremely sexist and controlling religious context. I have no idea, and for that I am grateful. However, if muslims are anything like American christians, they take offense so incredibly easily on religious matters because the religious is political to them, and hence confusion over what the prime minister of Denmark could do about the row. (To me, clearly, the prime minister cannot and should not do anything to interfere with a newspaper’s right to publish whatever the fuck it wants as long as it’s not committing a crime.) Well, too bad for both the Americans and the Muslims – you do not have an universal human right not to be offended by people who don’t share your religion, or even better, don’t have a religion at all. The international community would only have a case to ask something of Denmark if universal human rights are being violated – and they very simply are not. If you don’t like the cartoon, don’t look at it. If you freak out easily, take some ritalin or something. If you can’t handle being made fun of, justly or unjustly, you simply can’t handle living in this world. You may be hurt, of course, but burning embassies and calling for the death of the cartoonists is just a little too far. And not to mention… Jyllands-Posten apologized for any unintended offense already. Don’t be torching embassies when you got your apology! What else could you possibly, reasonably expect?